The Relationship Between Land And The Farm When...

The topic I will address throughout this project focuses on the relationship between the land and the farm when permaculture techniques are incorporated into the system. Moreover, we will question if permaculture, in its entirety, is a viable/economically justifiable method of farming. The reality is that for the past one hundred years farming has grown towards primarily annual crops and monoculture practices. With the mindset of â€Å"producing as much food as possible† us agriculturists start to deprive the land. We have come to forget, or simply ignore, the consequences poor farming practices can bring to the table. Reckless modern agriculture has burdened the land with poor crop diversity, introduction of pesticide use, and limited nutrient cycling. Permaculture might have the answers to helping us set back the clock on the damage we have thus far brought to the land. There was a particular reading in class that grasped mine and Hannah’s attention. That reading was Permaculture: A Beginners Guide by Graham Burnett. Burnett breaks down the mindset of a permaculturist and all the preparation it takes to transform a landscape into a successful permaculture site. Burnett does a wonderful job portraying the magic of permaculture however he seems to meticulously weave around the fact that permaculture is not just sitting around all year and having berries fall into your basket. It is an expensive and slow producing method of growing. Seeing permaculture portrayed in such an

Acg 4401 Free Essays

Review Questions ACG 4401 U01B Summer 2010 Name MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the factors listed below is not a common factor for fraud? 1) _______ A) rationalization for the crime B) desire to get even with the employer C) opportunity to commit fraud D) pressure to commit fraud 2) Misappropriation of assets can also be called 2) _______ A) Fraudulent financial reporting B) Management fraud C) Employee fraud D) Computer fraud 3)Which type of antivirus program is most effective in spotting an infection soon after it starts? 3) _______ A) a virus detection program B) a virus protection program C) a virus identification program D) none of the above 4) How can an organization reduce fraud losses? 4) _______ A) require vacations and rotate duties B) maintain adequate insurance C) encrypt data and programs D) use forensic accountants 5) A ________ is similar to a ________, except that it is a program rather than a code segment hidden in a host program. 5) _______ A) worm; virus B) worm; Trojan horse C) Trojan horse; worm D) virus; worm 6) Which method of fraud is physical in its nature rather than electronic? 6) _______ A) eavesdropping B) cracking C) scavenging D) hacking 7) The deceptive method by which a perpetrator gains access to the system by pretending to be an authorized user is called 7) _______ A) masquerading. We will write a custom essay sample on Acg 4401 or any similar topic only for you Order Now B) superzapping. C) hacking. D) cracking. 8) Intentional or reckless conduct that results in materially misleading financial statements is called 8) _______ A) financial fraud. B) misstatement fraud. C) audit failure fraud. D) fraudulent financial reporting. 9) The potential dollar loss that could result if an unwanted event occurs is called a(n) 9) _______ A) exposure. B) extraordinary loss. C) threat. D) risk. 10) The likelihood that an adverse or unwanted event could occur is referred to as a(n) 10) ______ A) threat. B) loss. C) risk. D) exposure. 11) Which of the following federal laws incorporated the language of the AICPA about controls into a law applying to all registered companies? 11) ______ A) Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 B) The Securities Act of 1933 C) Federal Corruption Prevention Act of 1987 D) The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 12) Personnel policies such as background checks, mandatory vacations, and rotation of duties tend to deter 12) ______ A) fraud by outsiders B) unintentional errors C) employee fraud or embezzlement D) payroll irregularities 13) Chuck Hewitt was relaxing after work with a colleague at a local watering hole. Well into his second martini, he began expressing his opinion about government regulation. It seems that, as a result of â€Å"government interference† the company’s longstanding policy of making low-interest loans to top management was being terminated. The regulation that Chuck is referring to is the 13) ______ A) Truth in Lending Act B) McCain-Feingold Act C) Sarbanes-Oxley Act D) Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 14) River Rafting Adventures of Iowa provides rafts and tour guides to tourists eager to ride the wild rivers of Iowa. Management has determined that there is one chance in a thousand of a client being injured or killed. Settlement of resulting lawsuits has an average cost of $650,000. Insurance with a $50,000 deductible is available. It covers the costs of lawsuits unless there is evidence of criminal negligence. What is the expected loss without insurance? 14) ______ A) $650 B) $650,000 C) $50,000 D) $50 15) The risk that remains after management implements internal controls is 15) ______ A) Risk appetite B) Residual risk C) Risk assessment D) Inherent risk 16) River Rafting Adventures of Iowa provides rafts and tour guides to tourists eager to ride the wild rivers of Iowa. Management has determined that there is one chance in a thousand of a client being injured or killed. Settlement of resulting lawsuits has an average cost of $650,000. Insurance with a $50,000 deductible is available. It covers the costs of lawsuits unless there is evidence of criminal negligence. What is the expected loss with insurance? 16) ______ A) $650 B) $50,000 C) $650,000 D) $50 17) There are different types of internal controls available to an organization. The type of controls that deters problems before they arise are called 17) ______ A) preventive controls. B) corrective controls. C) exposure controls. D) detective controls. 18) According to SysTrust, the reliability principle of integrity is achieved when 18) ______ A) the system is available for operation and use at times set forth by agreement. B) system processing is complete, accurate, timely, and authorized. C) the system can be maintained as required without affecting system availability, security, and integrity. D) the system is protected against unauthorized physical and logical access. 19) An electronic document that certifies the identity of the owner of a particular public key. 19) ______ A) Public key B) Asymmetric encryption C) Digital signature D) Digital certificate 20) In developing policies related to personal information about customers, Folding Squid Technologies adhered to the Trust Services framework. The standard applicable to these policies is 20) ______ A) privacy. B) security. C) confidentiality. D) availability. 21) In a private key system the sender and the receiver have ________, and in the public key system they have ________. 21) ______ A) the same key; two separate keys B) an encrypting algorithm; a decrypting algorithm C) different keys; the same key D) a decrypting algorithm; an encrypting algorithm 22) Which of the following is an example of a corrective control? 22) ______ A) Physical access controls B) Intrusion detection C) Emergency response teams D) Encryption 23) A more rigorous test of the effectiveness of an organization’s computer security. 23) ______ A) Vulnerability scan B) Penetration test C) Log analysis D) Intrusion detection system 24) Which of the following is not a requirement of effective passwords? 24) ______ A) Passwords should be no more than 8 characters in length. B) Passwords should contain a mixture of upper and lowercase letters, numbers and characters. C) Passwords should be changed at regular intervals. D) Passwords should not be words found in dictionaries. 25) An auditor examining a firm’s accounting information system creates a fictitious customer in the system and then creates several fictitious sales to the customer. The records are then tracked as they are processed by the system. This is an example collecting audit evidence using 25) ______ A) a system control audit review file. B) an integrated test facility. C) audit hooks. D) the snapshot technique. E) continuous and intermittent simulation. 26) The ________ part of the auditing process involves (among other things) the auditors observing the operating activities and having discussion with employees. 6) ______ A) communication of audit results B) evaluation of audit evidence C) audit planning D) collection of audit evidence 27) The evidence collection method that considers the relationship and trends among information to detect items that should be investigated further is called 27) ______ A) physical examination. B) vouching. C) analytical review. D) review of the documentation. 28) One way an auditor gauges how much audit work and testing needs to be performed is through evaluating materiality and seeking reasonable assurance about the nature of the information or process. What is key to determining materiality during an audit? 28) ______ A) the testing of records, account balances, and procedures on a sample basis B) determining if material errors exist in the information or processes undergoing audit C) determining what is and is not important given a set of circumstances is primarily a matter of judgment D) none of the above 29) The ________ to auditing provides auditors with a clear understanding of possible errors and irregularities and the related risks and exposures. 29) ______ A) financial audit approach B) risk-adjusted approach C) risk-based approach D) information systems approach 30) The ________ audit is concerned with the economical and efficient use of resources and the accomplishment of established goals and objectives. 30) ______ A) financial B) informational C) operational D) information systems Answers B C D B A C A D A C A C C A B D A B D A A C B A B D C C C C How to cite Acg 4401, Papers

Poverty Alleviation Strategy free essay sample

Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. It is a scrooge and one of the worst curses and miseries that a human can face. According to Homer. This , this is misery! The last, the worst that man can feel. Poverty can be measured either in absolute terms, for example, the number of those who cannot afford more than two pairs of shoes, or in relative terms, for example, the number of the poorest ten percent of house holds. In either sense it is a concept, which is defined arbitrarily . Poverty exists not only because incomes are low, but also because the needs of ertain low income households are high. Poverty has many dimensions, which include economic, political, social, environmental and human dimensions. In economic terms a county, a region or a household is poor when the per capita income of purchasing power of a poor country or household is below a certain minimum standard, there are low medical care and health facilities, productivity is very low and there is illiteracy. In political terms a country, a regionor a group of people are poor when they do not have a voice in the community or dependent on other more powerful groups or individuals in order to express their own rights and choices. In social terms poverty in a country a region o a household breeds all types of socially unacceptable behaviors like drug addiction, crime, position, violence ad terrorism in a family or in a community, These factors degrade human self respect, moral and social values of the society as a whole and as a result more and more people in the community become intolerantand rude towards each other in their day to day life. In environmental dimension, poverty destroys the living environment not only of those who live in poverty but of all other human beings as well as non-human living things that depend on the same resources and ecosystem on which those living in poverty depend and survive. People living in poverty cannot change their behaviors easily because of lack of resources, kn0lwledge about their own surroundings and education. Thus by destroying their own living environment, the poor in reality are destroying their own resources on which they survive in the long run. Poverty in its human dimension is the most important of all, because poor people live in conditions that are miserable, conditions in which some members of their family die of hunger, disease of famine. Poverty in tis human dimension exists, when a child is down with a curable disease and the parents have to take a decision whether to take the child to a doctor and buy expensive medicines or purchase other essentials of daily use. It exists when parents of a child sell their child into slavery or prostitutionbecause of lack of resources to feed or care for that child and when government institutes fail to protect the rights of the poor. Poverty has emerged as the most important issue for Pakistan. Poverty redressal requires economic growth accompanied by an improvement in access to social services. The reason that economic growth has failed to trickle down to the poor in Pakistan is the slow improvement in social indicators Economic growth and social sector development are interdependent as one reinforces the other. In fact economic growth is necessary for poverty reduction but poverty reduction itself is necessary for sustained growth. The estimates of poverty are not consistent in Pakistan. According to caloric based (2250 calories per person), the incidence of poverty declined sharply from 46. 5 percent in 1969-70 to 17. 3percent in 1987-88. However , poverty increased significantly in 1990’s rising from 17. 3 percent in 1987 -88 to 22. 4 percent in 1992-93 and further to 31 percent in 1996-97. The recent estimates suggest that poverty ahs further increased from 32. 6 percent in 1998-99 to 33. 50 percent in 1999-2000. This shows that the incidence of poverty has increased in 19990’s. similar trends have been observed in the case of urban and rural poverty. The main reasons for increase in poverty during 1990’s can be attributed to the relatively lower rate of economic growth, rising unemployment, stagnant real wages, declining flow of worker’s remittances and bad governance. In addition to the factors mentioned above the high population growth also puts pressure on the merge social services thereby causing social distress. Painting a broad picture of third world poverty is not enough. Before anyone can formulate effective policies and programmes to attack poverty at its source, one needs some specific knowledge of poverty groupsand their economic characteristics, It is not sufficient simply to focus on raising growth rates of Gross National Product in the expectation or hope that this national income growth will â€Å"trickle down† to improve levels of living for the very poor. On the contrary many observers argue that direct attack on poverty by means of poverty focused policies and plans can be more effective and one cannot attack poverty directly without detailed knowledge of its location, extent and characteristics. National Economic development is central to success in poverty alleviation. But poverty is an outcome of more than economic processes. It is an outcome of economic, social and political processes. To attack poverty requires action at local , national and global levels. The following actions are required to be taken y poor people, government, private sector and civil society organizations. Growth is essential for expanding economic opportunities for the poor. The question is how to achieve rapid, sustainable and pro-poor growth. A business environmental conducive to private investment and technological innovation is necessary, as is political and social stabilityto invite public and private investments. The poor should be empowered in the true sense. Empowerment means enhancing the capacity of the poor to influence the states institutions that affects their lives by strengthening their participation in political process, and local decision-making. It also means removing the barriers political, legal and social that work against particular groups and building the assets of poor people to enable them to engageeffectively in markets. Enhancing security for poor people which means reducing their vulnerability to such risks as ill health, economic shocks and natural disasters and helping them cope with adverse shocks when they occur. The ultimate cause of the unequal distribution of personal incomes in most third world countries is the unequal and highly concentrated patterns of asset ownership (wealth). The principal reason why less than 20 percent of their population receives over 50 percent of the national income is that this 20 percent probably owns ad controls over 90 percent of the productive and financial resources, especially physical capital and land but also financial capital (stock and bonds) and human capital in the form of better education. It follows that perhaps more important line of policy to reduce povertyand inequality is to focus directly on reducing the concentrated control of assets, the unequal distribution of power, unequal access to education and income earning opportunities. Policies to enforce progressive rates of direct taxation on income especially at the highest levels are, what are most needed in this area of redistribution activity. Unfortunately, in many developing countries the rich do not show a larger part of their income and assets. Further , they often also have the power and ability to avoid paying taxes without the fear of government. Pakistan is facing twin challenges of reviving growth and reducing poverty. This requires rapid economic growth keeping in view the factors responsible for slow growth and rising poverty, the government has formulated a comprehensive economic revival programmed aimed at reviving economic growth and social development. The government has adopted a multi-pronged approach to promote pro-poor economic growth and reduce poverty. Engendering growth by correcting macroeconomic imbalances and stabilizing the economy has been made the central pillar of the government’s economic revival program. The government has adopted a sound macroeconomic framework aimed at both stabilizing the economy and stimulating growth. It comprises five building blocks namely tax reforms, expenditure management, prudent monetary policy, external adjustment and debt management. Implementing broad based governance reforms are essential ingredients of he government’s poverty alleviation strategy. Without governance reforms thee enormous tasks of reviving growth and reducing poverty cannot be addressed. Sagging growth and rising poverty are in partresults of the poor performance of the government institutions in Pakistan. In fact, poverty in Pakistan is not merely an outcome of economic ills but also a result of mis-governance over the past years. The main element of reforms are devolution of power at grass roots level, civil services reforms, access to justice and financial transparency. The care principle of Pakistan’ poverty alleviation strategy is to empower the people and to create greater opportunities for increasing real income by improving access to productive assets mainly housing, land an credit. Access to credit is the surest way of empowering thepoor and improving their income generating opportunities. In addition to the already existing financial intuition, thegovernment has now established the â€Å"Khushhali Bank† or â€Å"Micro Finance Bank† for the provision of micro credit to poor communities. The effects of sluggish economic growth are clearly reflected in Pakistan’s performance in the social sectors, Human development is essential for attracting investment and generating the capacity for future sustainable growth. Pakistan’s progress on almost every social indictor e. g. education, health and nutrition is poor as compared with that of other developing countries. In order to address this situation, the government has prepared comprehensive human development strategies aimed at the effective utilization of the available resource s through improved institutional mechanisms. The government’s key social safety net for reducing vulnerability to exogenous shocks is the reformed system of Zakat and Usher. The system of collection and distribution of Zakat has recently been reorganized. However, its potential and scope in fighting poverty is yet to be fully realized. The food support programed is another social safety instrument of he government for the poorest. In spite of all these cataclysmic facts, on may hope that according to the economy revival plan of the government, the time will be changed and the economic development rate will be enhanced andat the same time the level of poverty will be decreased. Now the time ahs come that if we want Pakistan to rise up to that extent where the prosperity, integrity, solidarity and economic stability will be all around, then every Pakistani will have to work as far as in him lies. By working with whole dedication, concentration and conviction we may achieve a strong Pakistan dream by Quaid-e-Azam , and by going this way, the day will not be far away when Pakistan ill bear the palm and it will l show its mettle of the rest of the world.